Theoretical Approaches to Population in Economıc Thought: an Analytical Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18803296Keywords:
Anahtar Kelimeler: Nüfus Teorileri, İktisat Ekolleri, İktisadi Büyüme, Ekonomik Kalkınma, Demografik Geçiş, Beşerî (İnsan) Sermayesi, Nüfusun Nitelikleri ve Nüfusun ÖzellikleriAbstract
Bu çalışma, nüfusun ekonomik düşünce tarihi boyunca nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığını ve farklı iktisat okullarının nüfus ile ekonomi arasındaki ilişkiyi farklı teorik çerçeveler içinde nasıl yorumladığını sistematik olarak inceliyor. Klasik iktisattan modern büyüme teorilerine kadar nüfus, dönüşümlü olarak ekonomik büyümeyi kısıtlayan bir unsur ve üretken kapasiteyi ve sosyal refahı artıran stratejik bir kaynak olarak görülmüştür. Çalışma, klasik iktisatçıların arz yönlü nüfus perspektiflerini, Malthusçu ve Neo-Malthusçu teorilerin kaynak kıtlığı vurgusunu, neoklasik iktisatçıların nüfusu üretim fonksiyonlarında dışsal bir girdi olarak ele alış biçimini ve Keynesyen iktisadın talep odaklı yorumunu karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Ayrıca, nüfusu üretim ilişkilerinin ve sınıf yapılarının bir yansıması olarak gören Marksist görüş, nüfusu insan sermayesi, teknolojik ilerleme ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma merceğinden yeniden tanımlayan modern ekonomik yaklaşımlarla birlikte ele alınmaktadır. Demografik geçiş teorisi ve optimum nüfus yaklaşımını da içeren çalışma, yalnızca nicelikten ziyade nüfus niteliğinin artan önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular, nüfusun tek boyutlu bir ekonomik değişken değil, tarihsel, kurumsal ve sosyal etkileşimlerle şekillenen çok katmanlı bir dinamik olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, nüfus teorilerinin evrimi, çağdaş ekonomi politikası için kritik bilgiler sağlamakta ve nüfus dinamiklerinin stratejik yönetiminin uzun vadeli ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik kalkınmanın sağlanmasında belirleyici bir rol oynadığını vurgulamaktadır.
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