EUROASIA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

A Content Analysis of the Problems Encountered in the Use of International Trade Incentives

Oğuz Emre BALKAR — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0300

International trade incentives are used to increase export volumes, diversify markets, and bolster national competitiveness. However, it is observed that businesses are unable to utilize these incentives sufficiently and effectively, and multifaceted problems are encountered in the application, implementation, and repayment processes. This study aims to systematically classify the problems encountered in the use of foreign trade incentives, identify the root causes of these problems, and discuss the scattered findings in the existing literature within a holistic framework.

The research employed a two-stage method. In the first stage, studies published between 1980 and 2024 in the Web of Science database were filtered. Using VOSviewer software, a visual map of keyword co-occurrence was generated from these studies. In the second stage, selected studies directly related to the topic were coded using Nvivo software, and through content analysis, the problems encountered in the use of foreign trade incentives were categorized under ten key factors (P1–P10).

The findings revealed that information asymmetry and lack of awareness, as well as inadequate firm-level capabilities and capacity, were the most frequently highlighted problem areas. In addition, suggestions were made regarding the state, incentive organizations and companies as sources of the problems.

A General Overview of Property Law in The Ottoman State

Selcen Nur KIŞLA — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Each legal system has adopted different understandings of the scope and nature of property rights. In order to understand the social, economic, administrative and political structure of a society, it is extremely important to examine its view of property, its regulations and practices regarding property in its legal system. The concept of property in the Ottoman Empire was shaped by Islamic law, granting individuals the right to own property. However, customary law also played a significant role in land ownership, particularly in miri land. The Ottoman land regime was essentially founded on miri land and its operating system, the timar system. The land regime adopted by the Ottoman Empire not only possessed regulations that made it unique from the legal systems of other states, but also represented a significant structure intertwined with the social, economic, administrative, and political structures of society. The timar system is generally compared in doctrine to the feudal order in Europe. However, unlike the lack of central authority, which was the most important reason for feudal structures, a very strong central authority prevailed in the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, there are fundamental differences between the two systems.

The Oath in Islamic Criminal Procedure: Evidence Theory and a Comparative Analysis with Modern Criminal Procedure

Muhammed Emin AK — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study examines the conceptual framework of oath (yemîn) in Islamic procedural law, its place within the theory of evidence, and its position in comparison with modern criminal procedure. An oath—affirmed by invoking the Divine Name—serves to strengthen a statement and, under specific conditions, functions as a means of proof. Ḥanafī jurists generally treat the oath as a defensive device and a negative presumption, directing it only to the defendant; Shāfiʿī jurists, by contrast, recognize both evidentiary and defensive functions and allow it to be tendered to the plaintiff as well. The oath is not admissible in ḥadd cases or (apart from qasāmah) qiṣāṣ cases where God’s right predominates; it does, however, operate as a complementary proof in property disputes and in offenses converted into monetary liability (e.g., diyah, arsh, compensation). Procedural validity depends on conditions such as a properly filed claim, the defendant’s denial, the plaintiff’s failure to adduce evidence, and the oath’s personal performance before the judge. Refusal of the oath (nukūl) is often treated as an implied confession with adverse consequences; within the Ḥanafī school, its penal effects are debated between Abū Ḥanīfa and Abū Yūsuf–Muḥammad. In modern criminal procedure, prosecution lies with the state; oaths are merely conscientious undertakings imposed on witnesses and experts and are not evidence. Given scientific-evidentiary standards and objectivity, the oath’s probative force has effectively lapsed, and monetary penalties like diyah/arsh have no analogue under the Turkish Penal Code.

Religion and Power on The Urartu–Assyria Frontier: A New Perspective on Musasir

Ömer TANYÜREK, İsmail COŞKUN — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study examines the depiction of the plundering of the Mušasir (Urartian Ardini) temple in the Khorsabad reliefs within the framework of Sargon II’s (721–705 BCE) Eighth Campaign, conducted in 714 BCE. The Mušasir relief is not merely a visual record of a military expedition but a powerful instrument of Neo-Assyrian royal ideology, embodying the triad of divine sanction, construction, and conquest. Drawing upon the RINAP editions and royal annals, the research reconstructs the campaign route, explores Mušasir’s central role within the Haldi cult, and evaluates its influence on the Assyro-Urartian balance of power. The nineteenth-century drawings by Eugène Flandin, which preserved the now-lost reliefs, provide the earliest visual documentation of Urartian sacred architecture and simultaneously illustrate Assyria’s ideological supremacy through the integration of text and image. The study also compares differing hypotheses concerning the geographical location and strategic significance of Mušasir, reassessing its dual religious and political character. The findings reveal that the sack of the Haldi temple was a deliberate act of symbolic domination designed to reinforce Assyrian hegemony and legitimize imperial authority. This event demonstrates how religion functioned as a means of political legitimization in the Neo-Assyrian worldview and how sacred spaces were consciously incorporated into imperial discourse. Consequently, the Mušasir relief offers a comprehensive model for understanding the interplay between religion, power, and space along the Assyria–Urartu frontier. It stands as a unique archaeological and ideological document uniting textual, visual, and spatial dimensions of imperial representation. Ultimately, this study provides a critical reference for exploring the role of sacred symbolism in the formation of imperial ideologies throughout the ancient Near East.

The Role of Emotional Intelligence Dimensions in Conflict Management Strategies

Kasım YILMAZ, Yusuf YILMAZ — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The emergence of conflicts is closely related to individual perceptions and emotions. The ability to correctly identify conflict areas and manage them effectively requires correctly understanding and comprehending people's emotions and the reasons that give rise to these emotions. This study, which includes employees of companies operating in the Kastamonu Organized Industrial Zone (Turkey), aims to examine the effects of emotional intelligence on conflict management strategies. A survey was conducted with 402 employees via emotional intelligence and conflict management scales. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used in this study. Research findings have shown that emotional intelligence generally has a positive effect. While the dimensions of regulating emotions and using emotions positively affect competitive and avoidance-oriented strategies among conflict management strategies, evaluating others' emotions supports compromising strategies and negatively affects avoidance strategies. The only dimension that increases cooperation in conflict management is "using emotions". However, it has been revealed that focusing on one's own emotions prevents compromising strategies (behaviors). Emotional intelligence should be developed in the use of effective strategies in conflict management. Investment in the development of the emotional intelligence skills of employees by organizations and managers significantly contributes to maintaining and managing conflicts at an optimum level.

Youth Unemployment in Türkiye: Digital Transformation and the Education-Employment Mismatch

Entes KOZALLIK, Emre KOZALLIK — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The Youth unemployment in Türkiye emerges as a critical socio-economic challenge shaped by structural inefficiencies in the labor market and the mismatch between educational outcomes and employment demands. Although the country’s large young population offers a potential demographic dividend, macroeconomic instability, sectoral imbalances, and limited job creation in high-skill domains keep youth unemployment rates persistently high. This study examines the economic dynamics of youth unemployment in Türkiye by focusing on two interrelated themes: the accelerating digital transformation of the labor market and the growing mismatch between education and labor market needs. While digitalization presents new opportunities—particularly in areas such as software development, data analytics, and digital entrepreneurship—many young individuals lack the necessary skills due to outdated curricula and limited access to vocational or technological training programs. The research further explores how regional inequalities, gender-based disparities, and informal employment affect young people’s job prospects. The findings underscore the need for a structural transformation of the Turkish education system to equip students with digital competencies and social skills aligned with market requirements. The study concludes with a set of policy recommendations, including early digital skills education, public-private partnerships for workforce development, and support for young entrepreneurs. These strategies aim to transform digital transformation into an inclusive opportunity and enhance the employability of Türkiye’s youth in the global economy.

A River Interview with Four Poets in Ant Magazine

Levent BİLGİ — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In 1969, Osman Saffet Arolat was editor-in-chief of Ant magazine. He met İsmet Özel, Ataol Behramoğlu, Özkan Mert, and Süreyya Berfe, young poets, writers, and revolutionaries of the period. These young people were both studying at university and interested in poetry and literature. Furthermore, due to the conditions of the time, they were fast-paced revolutionaries. They were anti-American and pro-Soviet. Arolat interviewed these four poets after a program in Istanbul. The main reason for the interview was that these four friends were preparing a magazine called Halkın Dostları (People's Friends). Arolat asked the young people their ideas and what kind of magazine they wanted to publish. The young people primarily wanted to publish Halkın Dostları (People's Friends) as a literary magazine. It was inevitable that this art would support the revolution. They opposed reactionary art and literature. They viewed right-wingers like Necip Fazıl as openly reactionary literature. However, they described the Second New Movements, such as Edip Cansever and Turgut Uyar, as covert reactionaries. The magazine "People's Friends" would emerge as a counter to all this reactionary literature, especially the Second Renewal movement. In this interview, young people expressed their views on revolutionary art and literature. The interview was published in issues 153, 154, and 155 of the magazine for three weeks.

Writing War, Writing Self: Autobiographical Dimensions of Orwell’s Homage to Catalonia

Khanim JAFARLI — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Orwell's works, as a whole, deal with the current and future dangers posed by totalitarianism, imperialism, and fascism. The author continues the problem of war that he raised in his other works, emphasizing that wars have only a negative impact on humanity, in the novel "Homage to Catalonia", first published in Great Britain in 1938. The work can be seen as George Orwell's personal account of his experiences and analysis of the Spanish Civil War. The war in which the author took part was a defining moment for the writer's political views. The article discusses the author’s everlasting impact on the theme of wars and post-war traumas on society in the context of antihuman.